Mustakshif Shariah Board Rulings on E364 (Sodium Fumarate)

According to Mustakshif Shariah Board, E364 is classified as Mushbooh (doubtful). Although the ingredient itself is chemically clear of animal components, the source of fumaric acid and the processing agents can raise concerns. When derived from petroleum-based chemicals or produced using unknown enzymes or catalysts, it creates doubt under Islamic guidelines. Without verified halal certification, this ingredient remains questionable for consumption.

Islamic rulings about E364

There are no specific fatwas found that mention Sodium Fumarate directly. However, leading halal organizations suggest avoiding ingredients with unclear or synthetic origins unless they come with halal certification. General Islamic rulings emphasize avoiding doubtful matters when the origin is not transparent.

Introduction

Sodium Fumarate, designated under the E-number E364, is a widely used food additive valued for its functional properties. As the sodium salt of fumaric acid, Sodium Fumarate serves primarily as an acidity regulator and, in some formulations, also functions as a preservative. Often labeled as disodium fumarate or E364, this additive acts as an acidity regulator in food production. It supports product stability, improves shelf life, and helps maintain consistent flavor and texture by controlling pH levels in various processed foods.

How is it extracted?

Sodium Fumarate is derived from succinic acid, a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid present in both plant and animal tissues. Its production typically involves two primary methods: biological fermentation and chemical synthesis.

In the biological approach, certain bacteria ferment sugars to produce fumaric acid, which can then be converted into sodium fumarate. Alternatively, chemical synthesis involves neutralizing fumaric acid, obtained from succinic acid, with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. This neutralization process results in the formation of sodium fumarate, the sodium salt of fumaric acid, suitable for use as a food additive.

Functions of E364

In the food industry, Sodium Fumarate is mainly used as an acidity regulator. It controls pH levels in processed foods and extends shelf life. It also acts as a preservative by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Common products containing this additive include baked goods, soft drinks, and powdered drink mixes. Occasionally, it is also used in pharmaceutical and animal feed formulations for the same pH-controlling benefits.

Conclusion

Sodium Fumarate (E364) is widely used for regulating acidity and preserving food. While it does not usually contain animal-derived substances, its synthetic origin and unclear processing raise doubts. Due to the lack of clear evidence on its halal status, it is best regarded as Mushbooh. Consumers should consult trusted halal authorities or choose certified products when uncertain.